Although there is a rapidly growing body of literature on temporally co-occurring climate extremes ( 3– 11), investigation into the spatial co-occurrence of climate extremes has not received much attention ( 12, 13). These extreme events are often driven by multiple dependent climate drivers, and they can occur simultaneously in different parts of the world, causing severe and, in some cases, irreversible impacts on human and natural systems ( 3, 4). Our findings will inform adaptation strategies to alleviate the impact of future climate extremes.Ī notable number of record-breaking weather and climate extremes, such as heat waves, droughts, and heavy precipitation, have occurred in the past decades ( 1, 2). The future high-emissions pathway of SSP585 will substantially amplify the concurrence strength, intensity, and spatial extent for both temperature and precipitation extremes, especially over tropical and boreal regions, while the mitigation pathway of SSP126 can ameliorate the increase in concurrent climate extremes for these high-risk regions. Historical anthropogenic forcing has strengthened the concurrence of temperature extremes over 56% of 946 global paired regions, particularly in the tropics, but has not yet significantly affected concurrent precipitation extremes during 1901–2020. Here, we develop a statistical framework to test for spatial dependence and show widespread dependence of temperature and precipitation extremes in observations and model simulations, with more frequent than expected concurrence of extremes around the world. However, spatial patterns of these extremes and their past and future changes remain unclear. Increases in concurrent climate extremes in different parts of the world threaten the ecosystem and our society.
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